URLs in this document have been updated. Links enclosed in {curly brackets} have been changed. If a replacement link was located, the new URL was added and the link is active; if a new site could not be identified, the broken link was removed.

Science and Technology Resources on the Internet

Astronomical Resources on the Internet

Joe Kraus
Science Librarian
University of Denver, Denver, CO
jokraus@du.edu

Pete Banholzer
Technical Information Specialist
Goddard Space Flight Center Library
pbanholz@library.gsfc.nasa.gov

Introduction
Audience, Scope & Methodology
Starting Points
Article & Preprint Databases
Journals & Magazines
Books
Catalogs and Data Centers
Organizations
Software
Observing Programs
Telescope Making
Educational Resources
Online Star Charts
Terminology
Miscellaneous Web Sites
References

Introduction

Astronomical information has been available online since the early days of the Internet. Physicists were early adopters of the Internet and the web, and astronomers were not far behind. For example, when comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 struck the planet Jupiter back in July 1994, images taken of the event were immediately put onto the web. People from all over the world could see the images as soon as they were posted, and professional astronomers could immediately download scientific data. This was one of the first major scientific events that demonstrated the power of the Internet and the ability of the astronomical community to share scientific images and data quickly with the public (Egret and Heck 1994).

Many astronomical organizations have been ahead of the curve in utilizing the Internet for electronic publication. "The physics and astronomy communities have been among the first involved in EP [electronic publishing], even before the concept itself existed per se. Astronomers, space physicists, high-energy physicists and their colleagues around the world have done more than just help in setting up the Internet and the associated networks. They jumped onto the World-Wide Web (WWW) and quickly became prolific producers and eager consumers..." (Heck 1997). "Traditionally, astronomy has been on the forefront of using computer-based tools and systems; in particular, astronomical publishers developed and implemented new publishing procedures well ahead of publishers in other disciplines..." (Grothkopf 2000).

Astronomy and astronomical information can be divided into two groups. For the most part, there are web resources for professional astronomers and web resources for amateur astronomers. However, there is a strong link between the amateur and professional community. "...There is no well-defined boundary between professional and amateur astronomy, and the latter can be of vital use to professionals, e.g., in the field of variable stars, comets or solar system events. Indeed, stellar photometry--a field traditionally dominated by amateur observers--boasts a database of variable star observations ... that is the envy of many professionals..." (Andernach 1999). (The URL for the database given in the book has moved to {http://www.aavso.org/adata/database.stm}.)

Worldwide, amateur astronomers greatly outnumber professional astronomers. "Estimates of the total number of amateurs in the U.S. range from 200,000 to 500,000, often depending on how exactly you define the term. In any case, this figure, 40 to 100 times the number of professional astronomers, represents a tremendous population..." (Fraknoi 1998).

Since much of the funding for astronomical research in the United States comes from the federal government, most of these federally funded projects have an incentive, if not a mandate, to provide outreach to the general public. If a project does not clearly demonstrate its scientific advancements to a lay audience, then the project might not be funded in the future. Also, the NASA Astrophysical Data System has been providing abstracts of astronomical research to the public for free over the Internet since 1991 and over the web since 1994 (Eichhorn et al. 1995). Because of some of these reasons, libraries, their patrons, astronomy students, and amateur astronomers can easily access astronomical information that is created by and for professional astronomers.

Audience, Scope & Methodology

This webliography is written for librarians who serve a scientific or technical clientele, and any person interested in learning more about astronomy and astronomical information services.

The scope of this webliography is to point people to some of the best resources on the web for astronomical research and information. This is by no means comprehensive, and is focused on web sites based in the United States. Some of the annotations for the resources were drawn from the organization providing the resource. Since many of the metasites do not provide much of an annotation nor a description of a resource, a webliography such as this will provide more information about the content of a web site. Not all of the resources will provide full text. For example, the magazine links might just provide a table of contents or abstracts to the papers contained in the printed publication.

Much of the information for this webliography was found by browsing many of the existing web sites, links and pointers that others have provided. Some of the links and resources were found using two reference books listed in the References section (Hurt 1998; Thomas 1998). We also used the search engine Google -- http://www.google.com -- to verify changed URLs for some of the resources. There are so many wonderful web sites concerning astronomy, that is was difficult to pare down this webliography. While we have tried to provide links to resources from stable organizations, there were a few resources provided from an organization's or an individual's web site that might be temporary, but we felt were still worthwhile calling attention to.

Starting Points

AstroWeb
http://www.cv.nrao.edu/fits/www/astronomy.html: This is one of the best collections of links to astronomy-related information available on the Internet. The database is maintained by the AstroWeb Consortium, a collaboration involving nine individuals at seven institutions. One can find a classified lists of resources, as well as do a simple Boolean search of the database -- {http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/search-master}.
StarPages
{http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/~heck/spages.htm}: In the StarWorlds section, one can find phone numbers, addresses, and URLs for about 6,500 astronomy-related organizations, institutions, associations, and companies. The StarHeads section has about 6,000 web pages for professional astronomers and related scientists.
WebStars
http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/www_info/webstars.html: Maintained by the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. It is intended as a resource for users who have a general interest in astronomical topics. For a description of some commonly used acronyms, look at their acronyms page -- http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/acronyms.html.
PAM Astronomy Resources
{http://pam.sla.org/subjects/astronomy/}: Developed and maintained by some of the astronomy librarians in the Physics-Astronomy-Mathematics (PAM) Division of the Special Libraries Association. This is the astronomy section of the PAM Web site -- {http://pam.sla.org/}. Links to many metasites, directories, databases, catalogs, e-prints, publications, people, institutions, organizations, software, reference, and miscellaneous resources.
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS)
http://www.seds.org/: "SEDS believes in a space-faring civilization and that focusing the enthusiasm of young people is the key to our future in space." They educate people about the benefits of space and support a network of interested students. Some of the most popular astronomy sections of their web site are the Nine Planets Solar System Tour -- http://www.nineplanets.org/ - and the Messier Deep-Sky Catalog -- {http://messier.seds.org/}.

Article & Preprint Databases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html

Provides over 620,000 abstracts from thousands of journal and conference sources. 1975-Present. Points to the full text in many instances. As of October 2001, they have included over 6 million references from journal and conference papers. One can also see the number of citations to each paper -- http://adsdoc.harvard.edu/abs_doc/faq.html#citations.

STEPsheet

http://stepsheet.stsci.edu/

Search for papers that are based on Hubble Space Telescope observations and preprints that have been received at the Space Telescope Science Institute Library, 1982-Present.

National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) RAPs Database

{http://annie.cv.nrao.edu/rapsqbe.htm}

Database of bibliographic records for all preprints received at the NRAO-Charlottesville library, 1986-Present. When possible, URLs are given for unpublished papers. Contains references to published papers from 1957 forward with at least one NRAO staff member as an author or by visiting NRAO observers.

arXive.org e-Print archive

http://www.arXiv.org

This important archive is now based at Cornell University. The most appropriate section of the arXiv is "Astrophysics" (astro-ph). Thousands of astrophysics documents are available. The astro-ph section started in 1992, soon after the first database, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th) was started in August 1991. LANL provides an easy to use search form -- {http://xxx.lanl.gov/}.

ARI Bibliographical Database for Astronomical References (ARIBIB)

http://www.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/aribib/

This is now a free database from the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut. Provides references from the Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts (AAA), 1979-2000. Since 1995, many of the references from ARIBIB can also be found in the INSPEC database -- {http://www.theiet.org/resources/inspec/} -- but a subscription to INSPEC is required for access. Older literature from AAA and the Astronomischer Jahresbericht can be found in either:

Index format 1969-1979 -- {http://wwwadd.zah.uni-heidelberg.de/aribib/docs/image+index-format.php.en}
Image format 1899-1968 -- {http://wwwadd.zah.uni-heidelberg.de/aribib/docs/image+index-format.php.en.}

Journals & Magazines

Journals

Scanned Astronomy Journals Service from the NASA ADS

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/article_service.html

View and print scanned articles from journals digitized by the ADS. They also have a table of contents service for recent issues of many journals -- http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ast_toc.html.

Based on agreements with some of the most prominent publishers, much of the older literature is available for free. Here are some of the major journals that they provide access to:

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics -- 1963-1995
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences -- 1973-1996
Astronomical Journal (AJ) -- 1849-1996
Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) -- 1969-1996
Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement -- 1970-1996
Astrophysical Journal (ApJ) -- 1895-1996
Astrophysical Journal Supplement -- 1954-1996
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) -- 1827-1890, 1902-1998
Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (PASP) -- 1889-1997

Magazines

None of these magazines provides the full text of every article for free, but they do provide a lot of supplementary information. They also let you know how you can subscribe to the print magazine.

Sky and Telescope

http://www.skyandtelescope.com

As well as providing information for the amateur astronomer, it also has a nice interactive sky chart -- http://skyandtelescope.com/observing/skychart/.

Astronomy

http://www.astronomy.com/

This web site provides basic astronomical information. One can also find out how to subscribe to the printed magazine. Astronomy has the largest circulation of any popular astronomy magazine.

Mercury

http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/mercury.html

Published by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Some articles are available for free. They also provide access to the Mercury E-zine, an Internet version of Mercury that includes book excerpts, features, and sidebars that will not appear in the print version.

The Astronomer

http://www.theastronomer.org/

A British magazine for the advanced amateur. No full text of their articles is available, but they do have sections showcasing astronomical observations and photographs contributed from their readers.

Astronomy Now

http://www.astronomynow.com/

UK's best-selling astronomy magazine. A monthly source of information for amateur and professional astronomers. The web site has an interesting "Breaking News" section.

Books

Book Chapters

Information Handling in Astronomy
{http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/~heck/eaa.htm}: This chapter, authored by André Heck, can be found in the Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics published by the Institute of Physics and the Nature Publishing Group in 2001. Provides a good overview of the information needs and communication patterns of astronomers.
Astronomy Libraries 2000: Context, Coordination, Cooperation
{http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/libraries/astrolib2000/}: This chapter by Uta Grothkopf is particularly relevant for librarians. Describes how astronomy libraries are moving from the print to the digital world. It is found in the book, Information Handling in Astronomy and is published by Kluwer Academic in 2000.
Internet Services for Professional Astronomy
http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Andernach/Ander_contents.html
Internet Resources for Radio Astronomy
http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March01/Andernach/Ander_contents.html: These chapters, both written by Heinz Andernach, are published in the book Internet Resources for Professional Astronomy. He provides an overview of Internet resources relevant to professional astronomers. The first chapter emphasizes general databases of astronomical objects, such as astronomical catalogues, finding charts from sky surveys, bibliographies, directories, etc. The second chapter focuses on radio astronomy. The book is the proceedings of the IX Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics. Edited by Mark R. Kidger, Ismael Perez-Fournon and Francisco Sanchez. Published by Cambridge University Press, 1999. The original conference title was Astrophysics with Large Databases in the Internet Age -- {http://www.iac.es/winschool97/noticias/noticias.html}. (Note: Some of the proceedings paper titles are different in the book, and the proceedings web site does not have the full text for all of the papers.)
Electronic Publishing in its Context - by André Heck
{http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/~heck/epintro.htm}
Bits and Bytes and Still a Lot of Paper: Astronomy Libraries and Librarians in the Age of Electronic Publishing -- by Uta Grothkopf
{http://www.eso.org/sci/libraries/articles/bits-and-bytes/bits-and-bytes.html}: These two chapters are found in the book, Electronic Publishing for Physics and Astronomy published by Kluwer Academic in 1997. (Also co-published in the journal Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 247, 1997.) The information provided in these chapters is a little dated, but they still provide useful background as to how astronomers and astronomy libraries started to accept electronic publications as the scientific communication medium of choice.

Book Series and Conferences

Library and Information Services in Astronomy IV

http://lisa4.cuni.cz/

Library and Information Services in Astronomy III

{http://www.stsci.edu/institute/conference/lisa3/}

Library & Information Services in Astronomy II

{http://www.eso.org/sci/libraries/lisa-ii/lisa-ii.html}

LISA IV has not yet taken place. It will convene on July 2 - 5, 2002, Prague, Czech Republic. LISA III took place in 1998 at Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain. Edited by Uta V. Grothkopf, and published in the book Library and Information Services in Astronomy III (LISA III) by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. All of the papers from the third conference are available through the web site. LISA II was held on May 10-12, 1995 at the European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany. Some full text of the presented papers is accessible via the abstract. All papers were published in Vistas in Astronomy, Vol. 39, part 2, 1995.

Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems (ADASS) Conference Series.

http://adass.org/adass/proceedings/

This is a series of conferences mostly of interest for professional astronomers. But librarians might be interested in the full text of papers such as:

"The CDS Information Hub" from the tenth conference -- http://adass.org/adass/proceedings/adass00/D-08/
"The ADS Bibliographic Reference Resolver" from the 8th conference -- http://adass.org/adass/proceedings/adass98/accomazzia/
"Keeping Bibliographies using ADS" from the 7th conference -- http://adass.org/adass/proceedings/adass97/kurtzm.html

Catalogs and Data Centers

An astronomical catalog is a listing or a grouping of astronomical objects by some property. For example, the following are titles of specific catalogs: "Distances of planetary nebulae," "327 MHz survey of the galactic plane," and "Faint Blue Stars in high Galactic Latitudes." A data center usually provides a friendly interface between the user and the raw data. They are web sites that could point to a single catalog or a collection of catalogs, or they could keep data from a particular mission, from a specific instrument at an observatory, or from multiple missions, observatories and catalogs. A data center could also merge bibliographic information with a data archive.

VizieR Service

http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/VizieR

Sponsored by the Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS), they "provide the astronomical community with a dedicated tool for retrieving astronomical data listed in published catalogues and tables." This is the most complete library of published astronomical catalogues and data tables available. One can find information contained in over 3,000 astronomical catalogs.

SIMBAD (Set of Identifications, Measurements, and Bibliography for Astronomical Data.)

{http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/}

The SIMBAD astronomical database provides basic data, cross-identifications and bibliography for astronomical objects outside the solar system. Contains information for about 3 million objects, with 7.8 million identifiers, 128,000 references and almost 3.8 million citations of objects in papers.

NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED)

http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/

Built around a master list of extragalactic objects. Cross-references of names and identifiers have been established, and basic data, accurate positions and redshifts for these objects have been tabulated. Bibliographic references relevant to the objects have been compiled. Provides links to external archives and services for more information.

Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database (LEDA)

http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr/

This was the first extragalactic database created, in 1983, and has been continuously updated since then. They collect and archive raw measurements directly from observations.

Canadian Astronomy Data Centre (CADC)

http://cadcwww.dao.nrc.ca/

Provides an easy to use search interface to many useful astronomical databases and catalogs, such as:

Digitized Sky Survey -- http://cadcwww.dao.nrc.ca/dss/ -- Derived from digitized Schmidt camera photographic plates.
Hipparcos Catalog -- http://cadcwww.dao.nrc.ca/astrocat/hipparcos/ -- Gives extremely precise positions for over 100,000 stars.
US Naval Observatory Guide Star Catalog -- http://cadcwww.dao.nrc.ca/usno/ -- Catalog of 488,006,860 astronomical objects; provides position and brightness.
Vizier Clone -- {http://vizier.hia.nrc.ca/viz-bin/VizieR} -- Access to the same database from the CDS mentioned above, but with a different interface.

Astronomical Data Center (ADC): Access to Astronomy Data and Catalogs

{http://adc.gsfc.nasa.gov/}

"An important resource for astronomy data, catalogs, and journal tables since 1977." They have thousands of published data sets available. Can view information with the ADC Catalog Viewer -- {http://adc.gsfc.nasa.gov/viewer/}. If one is not sure what catalog to use, they have some guides to their catalogs by astronomical topic -- {http://adc.gsfc.nasa.gov/adc/top_refpage.html}.

Multimission Archive at Space Telescope (MAST)

http://archive.stsci.edu/mast.html

"The Multimission Archive at STScI supports a variety of astronomical data archives, with the primary focus on scientifically related data sets in the optical, ultraviolet, and near-infrared parts of the spectrum." They answer basic questions in a FAQ -- http://archive.stsci.edu/cgi-bin/faq.cgi?mission=MAST, such as: what type of data are supported, how does one perform a search, and how can one retrieve the scientific data?

Planetary Data System (PDS)

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/

This archives and distributes digital data from past and present NASA planetary missions, astronomical observations, and laboratory measurements. Sponsored by NASA's Office of Space Science, they want to ensure the long-term usability of data, to stimulate research, and to facilitate data access. They have four main sections: scientific data and documentation, a public area for "dazzling images", tools for data producers, and educational resources.

National Space Science Data Center

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/

They archive and provides access to a wide variety of astrophysics, space physics, solar physics, lunar and planetary data from various space flight missions. They "archive about 20 TB of digital data from about 420 mostly-NASA space science spacecraft, of which the most currently important 3 TB are electronically accessible" through their web site.

Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)

http://www.sdss.org/

This survey will map in detail one-quarter of the entire sky. It will determine the position and brightness of over 100 million objects and measure the distance to more than a million galaxies and quasars. Also, take a look at the SDSS SkyServer -- {http://skyserver.sdss.org/dr1/en/}.

Organizations

Professional
Major Observatories & Groups
Amateur

Professional Associations

Search for astronomy related persons, institutes, or addresses
{http://star-www.rl.ac.uk/astrolist/astrosearch.html}: Maintained by Stephen Rankin of the Starlink Project. Will give the names, address, phone numbers, and some URLs for thousands of astronomers and facilities around the world.
American Astronomical Society
http://www.aas.org: This is one of the main associations for professional astronomers based anywhere the world. There are over 6,400 individual members. The web site provides information about their journals, committees, divisions, meetings, career services and more.
International Astronomical Union (IAU)
http://www.iau.org/: Founded in 1919. Promotes the science of astronomy in all its aspects through international cooperation. Individual members number over 8,300 professional astronomers from 66 countries. Serves as the internationally recognized authority for assigning designations and names to celestial bodies and any surface features. In other words, one can not purchase a name for a star and get it recognized in the astronomical community -- {http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/buying_star_names/}.
Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP)
http://www.astrosociety.org/: Founded in 1889, the ASP is an international nonprofit scientific and educational organization that works to increase the understanding and appreciation of astronomy. They have become the largest general astronomy society in the world, with members from over 70 nations. The education section is particularly impressive -- http://www.astrosociety.org/education.html, with some introductory overviews and bibliographies that librarians might be interested in. Some of them are: "Astronomy Education in the U.S.: An Overview," "Astronomy Education Bibliography," "Women in Astronomy: An Introductory Bibliography," and their "Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Bibliography."
Astronomical Society of Australia
{http://asa.astronomy.org.au/}: Formed in 1966. The web site contains links to information concerning their membership, meetings, publications, education activities, etc. If one is interested in learning more about astronomical activities in Australia, they have a freely available newsletter -- {http://asa.astronomy.org.au/newsletter.html}

Major Observatories and Groups

Carnegie Observatories

{http://obs.carnegiescience.edu/}

Founded by George Ellery Hale in 1904. Located in Pasadena, California, and they operate telescopes at their site on Cerro Las Campanas, Chile. They provide information about the history of the observatories, and the research interests and projects of the staff.

Board on Physics and Astronomy

{http://sites.nationalacademies.org/BPA/}

This is the National Academies' principal forum for the communication of issues in the fields of physics and astronomy. It has published a number of appropriate reports, including "Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium" -- {http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309070317}

High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) Observatories

http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/corp/observatories.html

Most of these are space based observatories, and some of them are listed below in the Observing Programs section. One can find information and data from dozens of active and past missions. Librarians might find the "Education and Outreach" section most useful, while scientists would probably go right into the "Data Archive" section.

European Southern Observatory (ESO)

http://www.hq.eso.org/

The European Southern Observatory is an intergovernmental, European organization for astronomical research with nine member countries. ESO operates astronomical observatories in Chile, and its headquarters is in Garching, Germany. They provide information on their observing facilities, projects, scientific activities, and their outreach to the public.

Gemini Observatory

http://www.gemini.edu/public/

An international partnership that will result in two 8.1-meter telescopes. One telescope is located on Hawaii's Mauna Kea and the other on Chile's Cerro Pach�n. The link above points to the "Public Home Page" which provides basic information and a virtual tour of Gemini North. They also provide newsletters and press releases so anyone can obtain more information concerning the facility.

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA)

http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/

Combines the resources and research of facilities of the Harvard College Observatory and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under a single director. In addition to providing access to the NASA Astrophysics Data System and SIMBAD, they also house the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams which publishes information on transient astronomical events through their IAU Circulars and the Minor Planet Center which publishes the Minor Planet Circulars. (IAU Circulars older than two weeks are freely available -- {http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/services/IAUC.html} and all Minor Planet Circulars are freely available -- http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/mpec/RecentMPECs.html.)

CalTech Astronomy: Overview of Observatories

http://www.astro.caltech.edu/observatories/

They manage some major observatories, such as:

Palomar -- http://www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/. Home of the famous 200 inch telescope. This had been the world's largest telescope for decades.
Keck -- {http://www.keckobservatory.org/}. "Their instruments are the twin Keck Telescopes, the world's largest optical and infrared telescopes." The "News" section of the web site notes recent science, and the "General Information" section is useful for anyone that want to learn more about the instruments.

Amateur

Astronomical League
http://www.astroleague.org/: One of the largest amateur astronomical organizations in the world. Composed of over 240 local amateur astronomical societies from all across the United States, their basic goal is to encourage an interest in astronomy (especially amateur astronomy) throughout the United States. If someone is interested in joining a local club, one can find a list of amateur clubs here -- {http://www.astroleague.org/societies/list}.
Sky & Telescope -- Resources - Clubs & Organizations
http://SkyandTelescope.com/resources/organizations/: Easy way to find an amateur club, museum, planetarium, or an observatory in your area.
Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO)
{http://alpo-astronomy.org/}: Founded in 1947, and the association has about 500 members. Not only do amateurs turn in reports to the association concerning the Moon and the planets, they also report on observations made of the Sun, solar and lunar eclipses, minor planets (such as asteroids), comets, meteors, and meteorites. Some issues of the Journal of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers : the Strolling Astronomer are available here -- {http://www.justfurfun.org/djalpo/}.
American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO)
http://www.aavso.org/: International scientific and educational organization of amateur and professional astronomers. They are interested in stars that change in brightness, also called variable stars. In addition to their International Database mentioned in the introduction, they also publish News Flashes of recent events -- {http://www.aavso.org/publications/newsflash/}.
Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
http://www.rasc.ca/: The beginnings of "The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada" (RASC) go back to the middle of the nineteenth century. The "Education" section is interesting, especially the web page for "kids, students, and teachers" - {http://www.rasc.ca/education-public-outreach}.
International Occultation and Timing Association (IOTA)
http://www.occultations.org/: IOTA was established to encourage and facilitate the observation of occultations and eclipses. It provides predictions for grazing occultations of stars by the Moon and predictions for occultations of stars by asteroids and planets, information on observing equipment and techniques, and reports to the members of observations made.
International Dark-Sky Association (IDA)
{http://www.darksky.org/}: Their goals are to be effective in stopping the adverse environmental impact on dark skies by solving the problem of light pollution. The organization wants to educate everyone about the value and effectiveness of quality nighttime lighting. They provide over 100 "Information Sheets" to inform the general public -- {http://www.darksky.org/education/37-ida/education/99-quick-reference-materials}. The "Information and Resource Library" section -- {http://www.darksky.org/resources} -- provides an introduction to the problem of light pollution and why it is a problem for all of us, a description of well designed lighting fixtures, where to get them, and much more.

Software

Professional

Data and Software Archives & Catalogs
http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/library/quikdat.html: This is a pretty comprehensive list of software for professionals. Maintained by Kathleen Robertson at the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii.
Astronomical Software & Documentation Service (ASDS)
{http://asds.stsci.edu/}: Gives information on dozens of software packages, outlining their capabilities, requirements, and availability. One can also find a document collection of user guides, programmer guides, and on-line help files.

Amateur

The following is a list of some of the major software products that are used by many amateurs, and by some professionals. Some of these are commercial products, and are usually in the $50-$300 price range. At a minimum, these programs will include: variable date and time range (at least plus or minus 2,000 years from the current date) and the ability to view the sky from just about any location on earth. They can show the position of all of the planets, the Moon, comets, asteroids, thousands or millions of stars and thousands of deep-space objects such as galaxies, star clusters, and nebulas. Extra features might include: an eclipse finder, ability to see the universe from other astronomical objects besides the earth, an ability to download or input data for tracking of new comets, telescope control, and more. When they include more features, more stars, and more deep-space objects, then it will probably cost more.

Software Bisque
http://www.bisque.com/: Not only do they sell some of the most popular planetarium software for amateurs and professionals alike (TheSky Astronomy Software), they also sell software for CCD cameras, dome control, telescope guidance & control and palm computers. They also distribute CCD Cameras and high-end telescope mounting systems.
SkyMap Software
http://www.skymap.com/: The most recent version is SkyMap Pro 8. Useful for the casual amateur astronomer to the serious amateur or professional. The features of version 8 may appeal more to advanced amateurs. An evaluation version of the software is available at http://www.skymap.com/smp_eval.htm.
Starry Night
http://www.starrynight.com/: Their three main product lines are Starry Night Beginner, Backyard, and Pro. Starry Night Backyard is available as a 15-day trial download - {http://www.starrynightstore.com/digitaldownloadnew.html}.
Deepsky2002
{http://www.deepsky2000.net/}: Sold as a suite of software to help amateurs plan their observing sessions, it can also be used as planetarium software. One can take a look at screen shots to see what the star charts, database/planner, and logbook look like.
Bill Arnett's Catalog of Planetarium Software
{http://astro.nineplanets.org/astrosoftware.html}: Provides information for about 100 different planetarium and sky simulation programs, and for different operating systems: MacOS, Windows, DOS, UNIX, Palm, and OS/2 Warp. Recently updated.

Observing Programs

By Astronomical Object
By the Wavelength of Observation

One way to categorize observing programs is by astronomical object. Some things that astronomers study include: the Moon, the Sun, the planets, planets outside our solar system (extrasolar planets), comets, stars and their formation, other galaxies, and the whole universe. An example of a web page that points to research done on a variety of astronomical objects is available at the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center -- http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/objects/objects.html.

By Astronomical Object

Most of these web sites will provide scientific data and images. Most of these web sites are from research facilities, and they will document what instruments the facility has, who does research there and the scientific results that have been obtained.

Research on the Moon at the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies at the National Air and Space Museum
{http://airandspace.si.edu/research/projects/index.cfm?category=moon}: They are involved in a variety of research projects including the study of lunar topography, cratering and impact basins, tectonics, lava flows, and regolith properties.
Lunar and Planetary Institute
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/: The Institute is a focus for academic participation in studies of the current state, evolution, and formation of the solar system. The Institute is housed in the USRA Center for Advanced Space Studies (CASS) in Houston, Texas and includes a computing center, extensive collections of lunar and planetary data, an image-processing facility, a scientific visualization facility, an extensive library, publishing services, K-12 online educational resources, and sponsorship and facilities for workshops and conferences.
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona
http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/: Dedicated to teaching about the formation and evolution of planetary systems. Points to research by LPL faculty, outreach programs, conferences that they are hosting, a Space Imagery Center, and more.
Planetary Sciences at the National Space Science Data Center
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/: Good place to find data and information concerning specific planetary missions. For example, there have been 19 missions just to the planet Mars, and another six missions are in the planning stages.
150-Foot Solar Tower at Mt. Wilson Observatory
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~obs/intro.html: Operated by the Division of Astronomy and Astrophysics at UCLA. Provides access to scientific data, and one can find very recent drawings of sunspot groups.
National Solar Observatory (NSO)
http://www.nso.edu/: Points to information concerning three observing facilities and programs: Sacramento Peak, Kitt Peak, and the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG). They also provide access to their digital library of recent images and an archive of major NSO data sets -- {http://www.nso.noao.edu/diglib/}.
Solar Data Analysis Center at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/: Provides data, images and information from a number of facilities observing the sun on a daily basis.
The Solar & Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)
http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/: This satellite is designed to study the internal structure of the Sun, its extensive outer atmosphere and the origin of the solar wind. Will help astronomers figure out more of the interactions between the Sun and the Earth's environment. One can also find a public outreach and educational site for SOHO -- http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/explore/.
California & Carnegie Planet Search
http://exoplanets.org/: They have found evidence for over 40 of the 70+ extrasolar planets. Learn about some of their discoveries of multiple-planet systems, transiting planet, and Saturn-mass planets. Read about how extrasolar planets can be different from our solar system. They provide background information concerning the "Doppler Detection Method," other detection methods, and their future goals.
Planet Quest : the Search for Another Earth
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/: Over the next 15 years, NASA will embark on a series of missions to find and characterize extrasolar planets. This web site provides a description of what those missions will attempt to do, and the tools that extrasolar planet hunters use to find those planets.
Comet Observation Home Page
{http://www.cometobservation.com/ }: This is the first stop for amateurs and professionals looking for comet images, positions, data, and definitions. "Recent News and Observations" is probably the most highly used section of the web site -- {http://www.cometobservation.com/RecentObs.html}.
The Kuiper Belt and The Oort Cloud
{http://www.nineplanets.org/kboc.html}: The Kuiper Belt is a disk-shaped region past the orbit of Neptune containing many small icy bodies considered to be the source of the short-period comets. Comets also reside in a vast cloud, now called the Oort Cloud, at the outer reaches of the solar system.
The Milky Way Galaxy
{http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/messier/more/mw.html}: Basic information about our Milky Way Galaxy. Links to many other SEDS web pages for terms and concepts. Points to reputable governmental and educational web sites for more images and data. Provides references for further reading.
Galaxies and the Universe
{http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/galaxies/}: Course Notes written by Dr. Keel at the University of Alabama. Nice short overview for anybody that wants to learn about galaxies and their properties. Seems to be aimed at undergraduate science majors. Has 36 "virtual lectures", and the first four are: an introduction, history, catalogues and data sources, and galaxy classification.
Universe : Cosmology 101
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni.html: Cosmology is the scientific study of the large scale properties of the Universe as a whole. Starts with a one paragraph introduction, then the text leads the reader to sections on the foundations, observational tests, limitations and extensions of the Big Bang theory. One can then tackle "Our Universe" to read about what matter is, and the age, shape, and ultimate fate of the universe.

By the Wavelength of Observation

For Hundreds of years, all astronomical observation was performed in the visual wavelengths of light. But, visible light is just a very narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum. (If you want to get more information concerning the electromagnetic spectrum, the following web page would be useful -- {http://nvo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mw/mmw_EM.html}.) In the last 50 years or so, with radio telescopes and space based observatories, astronomers have been able to observe astronomical phenomena outside of the visual wavelengths. Observed phenomena now occurs from the shortest to the longest wavelengths: cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radiowave. An example of a web page that shows astronomical observations recorded by the wavelength (or energy) of light is at the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center -- http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/energy.html.

Most of the following observing programs will provide scientific data and results, images, and supplemental information for students and educators. Many of these web sites are at either governmental or educational institutions, so they almost always have a mission to provide educational outreach to the public and to educators.

The Multiwavelength Milky Way
{http://nvo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mw/milkyway.html}: Shows how data from across the electromagnetic spectrum are used by astronomers to learn about the Milky Way's shape, size, and composition. Brings together several data sets to help people visualize our Milky Way galaxy in various wavelengths.
SkyView Virtual Observatory - the Internet's Virtual Telescope
http://skyview.gsfc.nasa.gov/: SkyView is a Virtual Observatory that generates images of any part of the sky at just about any wavelength from radio to gamma-ray. It has an interface that caters to non-astronomers.
Cosmic and Heliospheric Learning Center
http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/: From the Cosmic Ray Group at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Provides a lot of information concerning cosmic and heliospheric science.
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/: The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was the second of NASA's Great Observatories. Gamma rays are billions of times more energetic than visible light. Operated from 1991 to 2000.
Gamma Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST)
http://glast.gsfc.nasa.gov/: The launch is scheduled for March of 2006. With GLAST, astronomers will study how black holes can accelerate jets of gas outward at great speeds. Physicists will be able to study subatomic particles at energies far greater than those seen in ground-based particle accelerators. Cosmologists will gain valuable information about the birth and early evolution of the Universe.
Chandra X-Ray Observatory Center
http://chandra.harvard.edu/: The mission was previously called the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF). High resolution grating spectra can be obtained for hundreds of stars. Since higher energy X-rays are capable of penetrating gas and dust, emission from the center of our Galaxy is clearly seen, and brighter X-ray sources in other galaxies and quasars have also been imaged.
ROSAT : the Roentgen Satellite.
http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/rosat/: ROSAT was an X-ray observatory developed through a cooperative program between Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Operated from 1990 to 1999.
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE)
http://ssl.berkeley.edu/euve/: The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) is a NASA-funded astronomy mission operating in the relatively unexplored extreme ultraviolet wavelengths.
International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE)
http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/: Was the first satellite totally dedicated to ultraviolet astronomy. It was operational for almost 18 years, 1978-1996.
Astro Observatories : 2 Space Shuttle Flights Carrying UV Telescopes.
{http://hypatia.gsfc.nasa.gov/astro/astro1.html}: The Astro-1 Observatory was carried aboard the space shuttle Columbia on December 2-11, 1990. The instruments included three coaligned Ultraviolet (UV) telescopes. A follow-up flight, the Astro-2, flew aboard the space shuttle Endeavor between March 2, 1995 and March 18, 1995.
National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO)
http://www.noao.edu/: Formed in 1982 to consolidate the management of several major ground-based astronomical observatories. They are Kitt Peak National Observatory, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, and the National Solar Observatory.
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)
{http://www.sofia.usra.edu/}: SOFIA will be an airborne observatory that will study the universe in the infrared spectrum. Expected to be ready in 2004.
Infrared Space Observatory (ISO)
{http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/}: The European Space Agency's (ESA) Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) was operational between November 1995 and May 1998. The major scientific advancements are listed here -- {http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/science/}.
Infrared Science Archive (IRSA)
http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/: The data archive repository for NASA's infrared and submillimeter astronomy projects and missions.
Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/: 2MASS is uniformly scanning the entire sky. This survey uses larger and much more sensitive detectors than the last major near-infrared sky survey, performed over 30 years ago. This should provide direct answers to immediate questions on the large-scale structure of the Milky Way and the Local Universe.
Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF)
{http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/}: This is scheduled for launch in 2003. During its expected 2.5-year mission, SIRTF will obtain images and spectra by detecting the infrared energy radiated by objects in space between wavelengths of 3 and 180 microns.
NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST)
http://www.ngst.nasa.gov/: News and information about NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). It is scheduled for launch in 2009. This will carry cameras and spectrographs sensitive to infrared radiation.
Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) Archive
{http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/iras/}: The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) mission during 1983 was a collaborative effort by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. IRAS discoveries included a disk of dust around the star Vega, six new comets, and very strong infrared emission from interacting galaxies. IRAS also revealed the core of our galaxy, the Milky Way, for the first time.
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
{http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/}: Launched in 1989 and still operational, the COBE satellite was developed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to measure the diffuse infrared and microwave radiation from the early universe. Each of the three instruments carried onboard yielded major cosmological discoveries.
Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov: Launched in 2001, MAP is a successor to the COBE satellite. Will investigate the cosmic microwave background radiation at much higher spatial resolution and sensitivity.
National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
http://www.nrao.edu/: They operate the Very Large Array (VLA) -- {http://www.vla.nrao.edu/}, and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) -- {http://zia.aoc.nrao.edu/doc/vlba/html/VLBA.html}. Also provided is a nice introduction to radio astronomy -- {http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/intro/index.html}.
Jodrell Bank Observatory
http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/: One of the oldest radio astronomy observatories. The history of the facility goes back to 1945. They have the worlds first giant radio telescope -- the Mk I.

Amateur Telescope Making

A WWW Resource for Amateur Telescope Making (ATM)
{http://www.atmpage.com/}: This is one of the best resources for both beginning and advanced amateur telescope makers. The link to the "Frequently Asked Questions on the Amateur Telescope Makers e-mail list" is particularly useful -- {http://home.comcast.net/~cassarole/atmfaq/atm-faq.htm}}.
Stellafane Home Page : Web Home of the Springfield Telescope Makers
http://www.stellafane.com/: Stellafane is the oldest amateur telescope making convention. It is held every summer at Breezy Hill, in Springfield, Vermont. Information on how to build your own telescope is located here -- http://www.stellafane.com/atm/atm_main.htm.

Educational Resources

Astronomical Society of the Pacific - Education Section
http://www.astrosociety.org/education.html: This is the main education page at the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Includes "Astronomy Education in the United States" -- {http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/useduc.html} -- and "Astronomy Education: A Selective Bibliography" -- {http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/educ_bib.html}.
Astronomy 101 Clearinghouse
http://www.astro.washington.edu/labs/clearinghouse/: This is at the University of Washington, Department of Astronomy. Provides resources for instructors of introductory astronomy classes. The sections include: labs, planetarium programs, activities, teaching methods, lecture resources, sample exams, and more.
Project CLEA -- Contemporary Laboratory Experiences in Astronomy
{http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome.html}: Has laboratory exercises that illustrate modern astronomical techniques using data and images. The software section describes the software programs that can be downloaded to student computers. Suitable for high school and college classes, and many of the programs are adapted for non-science majors.
Astronomy Picture of the Day
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html: Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. Used by many educators to get students interested in science.
Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) Image of the Month
http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/HawaiianStarlight/: They desire to "show the wonders of the sky as seen from Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii, one of the best observing site in the world for ground-based astronomy, but to also share the science revealed through these images."
Prof. Gene Smith's Astronomy Tutorial for Students and Other Interested Folks
{http://cassfos02.ucsd.edu/public/astroed.html}: This is one of many web pages that have introductory college astronomy course material. Good place to start learning about astronomical concepts and terms.
Windows to the Universe
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/: Produced by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). This is an interesting and fun way for people to learn more about astronomy.
Astronomiae Historia / History of Astronomy
http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/hist_astr/: Provided by Wolfgang R. Dick and Commission 41 (History of Astronomy) of the IAU. Contains more than 400 Web pages, and 8,000 links to external documents. One can see a list of nearly all files in the Site Map, or one can perform a search of the web site -- http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/search/search.html.
Bad Astronomy
http://www.badastronomy.com/: The author, Dr. Philip Plait, is devoted to airing out myths and misconceptions in astronomy and related phenomena. For example, the Fox Television Network had recently aired an hour-long program called "Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?", and he had created a "Moon hoax debunking page" -- http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/tv/foxapollo.html -- to present counter arguments to this program. He does not address topics such as astrology or "wacky" unscientific alternate views of the universe.
StarDate Online
http://www.stardate.org/: StarDate Productions is the public education and outreach arm of the University of Texas McDonald Observatory. This radio program is now heard every day in English and Spanish on more than 300 stations. The web site also offers astronomy resources to teachers, the media, and the public.
Jack Horckheimer: Star Gazer
http://www.jackstargazer.com/: Difficult to read web site, but still has useful information. This TV series seen on PBS is "the world's first and only weekly TV series on naked-eye astronomy." Has links to the video and text of his weekly scripts -- http://www.jackstargazer.com/Currentshowscripts.html

Online Star Charts

Sky View Cafe
{http://skyviewcafe.com/}: They use a "cool" Java Applet to render the sky at your location. Somehow, the program will probably automatically know what city and state you are located in.
Skymaps.com
http://www.skymaps.com: One can get a different high quality sky map each month in PDF format. They make these free maps for publication, education and general commercial use. Go to the "Downloads" section for the most recent maps -- http://www.skymaps.com/downloads.html.
MyStarsLive : Interactive Star Chart
{http://www.relativedata.com/mod.php?mod=showinmain&vsize=1500&page=mystarslive/}: A simple to use online program for viewing where the stars are tonight.
Solar System Simulator
http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/: A solar system simulator from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. They call it a "spyglass on the cosmos". One can view any solar system object from any other solar system object on just about any date and time. The view of Jupiter from its moon Io is almost always impressive.
Aladin Interactive Sky Atlas
http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/: Mostly for professional astronomers or advanced amateurs, this is an interactive software sky atlas to help one visualize digitized images of any part of the sky. One can "superimpose entries from astronomical catalogs or personal user data files, and ... interactively access related data and information from other archives for all known objects in the field."

Other Miscellaneous Web Sites

Directory of Astronomy Librarians and Libraries

{http://www.eso.org/sci/libraries/addresses/addresses.html}

Can browse through or search within an alphabetical list of astronomy librarians and a few astrolibrary-related addresses. Can you find the "Needles" at the Haystack Observatory?

HubbleSite - Hubble Showcase

{http://hubblesite.org/gallery/}

As the name indicates, this is a repository of some of the best and most popular images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.

Ask the Astronomer - Dr. Sten Odenwald

{http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/qanda.html}

He has now received over 3,000 questions, and they are all archived. One can also see what questions have been asked by topic, such as the Moon, the Sun, the Cosmos, etc.

Constellations and their Stars

http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/

Chris Dolan is a student at the University of Wisconsin. He made a nice web site that describes constellations, with a constellation FAQ, pronunciation guide, interactive sky charts, and more.

Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/

A veritable "treasure trove" of information in astronomy. The Astronomy section of "Scienceworld" is organized into seven subject areas: atmospheres, calendars, galactic astronomy, observational astronomy, remote sensing, solar system, and stars. One can also use the alphabetical index to find topics. All of the links are contained within the Wolfram web site. Many of the astronomy entries have links to physics entries, and vice-versa. Some of the entries have an excellent list of references for further reading.

Space Calendar

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/calendar/

Covers space-related activities and anniversaries for the coming year. Has a lot of information concerning Asteroid near-earth flybys.

Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia

http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/planets/

Not an encyclopaedia in the traditional sense. Has six sections: Overview of Detection Methods, Extrasolar Planets Catalog, Searches, Bibliography and Reports, Meetings, and Other Sites. Links to an interactive map that displays where the 69 or more extrasolar planets can be found -- {http://www.generation.net/~mariob/astro/exoplan/intro-e.htm}

Web Version of the Multiyear Interactive Computer Almanac

{http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/WebMICA_2.php}

Has major elements from the Astronomical Almanac. The date range is limited: it begins on 1 January of last year and ends 30 days after today's date. For example, one can get astrometric positions or the rise, transit, and set times for many celestial objects.

Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Screensaver

http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/

You can participate can in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence by running a free program that downloads and analyzes radio telescope data. SETI@home is a scientific experiment that uses Internet-connected computers in the search.

Terminology

Astronomy/Physics Glossary
{http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/glossary.html}: Put together by Dr. James Schombert at the University of Oregon for some of his introductory classes. This has about 400-500 entries, and each entry links to a different Web page that fully describes the astronomical or physics concept.
Astronomical Glossary
http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Glossary/Glossary_index.html: Developed for the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database, but is broader in scope, covering all of astronomy. Has many more entries (1,000+) than the other two glossaries, but has shorter descriptions.
Astronomy 124 Glossary of Terms
{http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/hawley/astr124/glossary.html}: Written for an introductory astronomy class at the University of Virginia.Describes about 150-200 basic astronomical terms and concepts with a sentence or two.

References

Andernach, H. 1999. Internet Services for Professional Astronomy. In: Internet Resources for Professional Astronomy: Proceedings of the IX Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics (ed. by edited by M. R. Kidger, et al.), pp. 1-28. New York, Cambridge University Press. [Online]. Available: http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Andernach/Ander_contents.html [April 12, 2002].

Egret, D. & Heck, A. 1994. The Web in Astronomy and Related Space Sciences. Electronic Proceedings of the Second World Wide Web Conference '94: Mosaic and the Web. [Online]. Available: {http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/IT94/Proceedings/Astronomy/egret/egret.html} [April 14, 2002].

Eichhorn, G., et al. 1995. Access to the Astrophysics Science Information and Abstract System. LISA II: Library & Information Services in Astronomy II. [Online]. Available: {http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/libraries/lisa-ii/papers/eichhorn/ads.html} [April 14, 2002].

Fraknoi, A. 1998. Amateur Astronomers. Astronomy Education in the United States. [Online]. Available: {http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/useduc06.html#7} [April 14, 2002].

Grothkopf, U. 2000. Astronomy Libraries 2000: Context, Coordination, Cooperation. In: Information Handling in Astronomy (ed. by Heck, A.), pp. 165-174. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. [Online]. Available: {http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/libraries/astrolib2000/node3.html} [April 12, 2002].

Heck, A. 1997. Electronic Publishing in its Context. In: Electronic Publishing for Physics and Astronomy (ed. by A. Heck), pp. 1-10. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. [Online]. Available: {http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/~heck/epintro.htm} [April 12, 2002].

Hurt, C.D. 1998. Astronomy. In: Information Sources in Science and Technology, pp. 91-100. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited. 3rd ed.

Thomas, B.J. 1998. Science and Engineering Resources: Astronomy & Astrophysics. In: The World Wide Web for Scientists & Engineers: a Complete Reference for Navigating, Researching & Publishing Online, pp. 182-194. Bellingham, Wash. : SPIE Press.

Contents

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Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship		Spring 2002
DOI:10.5062/F4KK98RT